Authorization is a critical aspect of any security system, defining the level of access individual users or services have within an environment. It ensures that only authorized individuals are permitted to access specific resources based on their roles, attributes, or relationships with other entities. Different models, such as Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), and Graph-Based Access Control (GBAC), offer various approaches to managing access based on roles, attributes, or complex relationships among users and resources. Effective authorization practices, alongside secure protocols like OAuth 2.0, help enforce the principle of least privilege and protect systems from unauthorized access, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive information. Furthermore, differentiating between authentication, which verifies a user’s identity, and authorization, which governs their access rights, is essential in creating a layered and robust security infrastructure.